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Fu Jian (337–385)
Fú Jiān (; 337–385), courtesy name Yonggu (永固) or Wenyu (文玉), formally Emperor Xuanzhao of (Former) Qin ((前)秦宣昭帝), was an emperor (who, however, used the title "Heavenly Prince" (''Tian Wang'') during his reign) of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin, under whose rule (assisted by his able prime minister Wang Meng) the Former Qin state reached its greatest glory—destroying Former Yan, Former Liang, and Dai and seizing Jin's Yi Province (益州, modern Sichuan and Chongqing), posturing to destroy Jin as well to unite China, until he was repelled at the Battle of Fei River in 383. For a variety of reasons, the Former Qin state soon collapsed after that defeat, and Fú Jiān himself was killed by his former subordinate, Yao Chang the founding emperor of Later Qin, in 385.
== Early life ==
Fú Jiān was born in 337, when the family name was still Pu (蒲), to Fu Xiong (苻雄) and his wife Lady Gou. His grandfather Pu Hong (蒲洪) was a Di chieftain and a major general for Later Zhao, serving under the violent emperor Shi Hu, who did however accord Pu great respect. Later, during Later Zhao's collapse, Pu Hong changed his name to Fu Hong, and planned a conquest of the Guanzhong region, but was poisoned by the general Ma Qiu (麻秋). He was succeeded by his son, Fú Jiān's uncle Fu Jiàn, who did advance west and conquer the Guanzhong region and the surrounding provinces. In this, he was ably assisted by Fú Jiān's father Fu Xiong, whom he created the Prince of Donghai. In 354, while on a campaign, Fu Xiong died. As the son of Fu Xiong's wife, Fú Jiān inherited the title of Prince of Donghai, even though he had at least one older brother, Fu Fa (苻法), who was created the Prince of Qinghe. Fú Jiān developed the reputation of being filial and far-sighted, as well as being knowledgeable and able.
As Fú Jiān grew older, he received some military responsibilities under his cousin Fu Sheng, who succeeded Fu Jiàn after his death in 355. In 357, when Yao Xiang (姚襄), a major Qiang chief, attacked Former Qin, hoping to conquer it, Fú Jiān was one of the generals who fought him and defeated him, capturing and executing him on the battlefield. Yao Xiang's brother Yao Chang surrendered. Initially, the lead general Fu Huangmei (苻黃眉) the Prince of Guangping wanted to put Yao Chang to death, but Fú Jiān interceded, and Yao Chang was spared.
Fu Sheng's reign was one filled with violence, caprice, and cruelty. As he killed official after official in his administration, all of the nobles and officials became fearful of being the next target. A number of officials tried to persuade Fú Jiān to overthrow Fu Sheng, and it was in the planning stages that Fú Jiān, under the introduction of the official Lü Polou (呂婆樓), met Wang Meng, with whom he immediately developed a friendship. Fú Jiān planned to act against Fu Sheng but hesitated, since Fu Sheng was a powerful warrior. However, after news leaked that Fu Sheng had planned to kill Fú Jiān and his brother Fu Fa, Fú Jiān and Fu Fa took immediate action and attacked the palace while Fu Sheng was in a drunken stupor. Fu Sheng's guards surrendered without a fight, and Fú Jiān put Fu Sheng to death and took over the throne. He did not, however, take imperial title as Fu Sheng had, but claimed the title "Heavenly Prince" (''Tian Wang''). He posthumously honored his father Fu Xiong as an emperor, and he honored his mother Lady Gou as an empress dowager. His wife Lady Gou was created empress.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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